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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2008 Ordinance No. 058• • ORD INA NC E NO . tz' SE RI ES OF 200, -- CONTf.ACT '•0 . 3 4 -).cc,~ 9 b ii BY /\UTII ORI f Y COUN C IL BILL :,o. 70 INTP.O DUCED t3 Y C UNCI L !EMB ER PE'J N AN ORDI NAN E EXT END ING AND AU TH ORI ZING TH E EXECUTI ON OF AN ··INTERGOVE RNMENTAL AG REE MENT FOR HI E INT ERNET CRIMES AGA INST CHILDR E1' REG IONA L TASK FORCJ;" BETWE EN THE CITY OF CO LORAD O SPRIN GS AND MEMBER PARTIE S IN CLUD ING THE CIT Y OF ENG LEWOOD, COLORA DO . WHEP!~AS. intcmct cri me agai nst chil dren is an ongoin g problem in th e Ci ty nnd Stme as well as arou nd th e world : and WHEREAS . th e purpose of thi s int crgovc nun cnt al agreement is to prov id e a ta sk fo rce 10 co mbat int ernet crimes again st children: and Wl·IERE/\S. govcmmcnt 'i hav~ th e authorit y to join in agree ment s 10 fight th ese cri mes pursu.1111 to th e Colorado Constit uti on, Article XX , SL-c tiun 6; Co lorad o Co nstituti on Anicl e XIV . Secti on I 8; Sect,,in 29-1-20 3 C.R .S .. Title IV of 1he fed era l Ju ve nile Justice nud Delinqu ency Pre venti on Ac1 .,r 1974. as nmc11t.lccl : and WHER EA S. 1hc mi ss ion of 1ho Ta sk Force shall be 10: share inlelli gcn ce gn lhcrcd by lh c parti c:; re latin g to internet crim es conuniu ed again st children : make inter-juri sdi cti onal nrr e:.:ts of suspects; co ndu cl !minin g; provide publi c educati on on interne t safety and prev en1i ve measures ; co ndu cl joint open and undercove r in vcsti gali nns pertainin g to intern et crim es again st children : and WH EREA S. on Novemb er 9, 2007. Cit y Counc il. by Ord inance No . 63 . app rovc<l and au th ori zed an lntergovcmment al Ag re ement fo r th e Intern et Crimes Against Children Regi onal Tn sk Force: nnd WH EREAS. the proposed lntcrgovemm enta l Agre ement would co ntinue th e Task Force an d be effe cti ve on Ma y 31. 2008 and wi ll co ntinu e until tennin ntcd un de r the pro visions of1h c ngrcc mcnt . NO W, TH ERF r.O RE. BE IT ORD AINED BY Tl IE ITY COU CIL OF Tl-IE CIT Y OF ENG LEWOO D. OLORA DO. TH AT: Sec1i on I. The "lnl crgo vcrnmcntn l Agree ment For Th e Int ern et Crimes Agai nst Childre n Reg ional Tas k Force ... ntt ac hcd he reto ns Exhi bit A. is hcrchy ac cep ted nnd ap proved by 1hc Englewood ,..ity Coun cil. Secti on 2. Pur suant to Arti cle V. Secti on 40 , of the Englewood ll omc Rui c Charter, th e Cit :, Co uncil hn s det ennin cd 1hat !he Agreem ent shall not be publi shed bec au se of it ~ size. Sec ti on 3. Th e Mayor is hereb y mnhori zcd 10 sign and the Cit y Clerk to mtest a1KI sen ! sai d • 1\grccm cn1 for and on behal f of 1hc Cit y of Englewoo d, Co lorad o. In trod uced. n::td in rull . ;md pa ss ccl on firs t read ing on the 61!, dny of Ot ·101 1. 200 . rubli shccl :i s a Bill fo r an Ordinan ce in 1hc C'1y·s offi ci nl ill:ws pttp cr 1111 1hc ll1th cla y or Oc tober. 2008. Publ is hed as a Bill fo r nn Ordin ance on th e Ci ty"s oni ci nl web site beginning on the 8111 day of Oc 1obcr. 200 for 1hin y (30) do ys. Read by 1i1\e and pass ed on final readin g on 1hc 20 '" day ofOc1r'.J er. 2008 . P1! li .t,h«:d by tit le in th e Cit y's offi cia l ne wspape r as Ordi mmcc No .~ Series of 2008. on 1 ! 24111 OJ)' f Or 1obcr . 2008. • I, Loucri shia A. Elli s, Ci 1y Clerk of lhc Cil y of Eng lewood. Co lorado. hereby cc n ify 1hat lhc abuvc and fo rcgo~~Js a tru e copy of th e Ordinance pa ssed on fil I reading :111d :~uOhshcd by titl e • as Ord inance No.&, Series of 2008 . • • • • INTERGO\'ERNl✓.i::NTAL AGPEEMSNT FOR THE fNTERNET CRIMES AGAD ST CHILDREN REG IONAL TAS K rOi,CE This Intergovernmental Agreemenl dated for reference this 3 Isl day of May 100h, i~ made hy and betwe en the Cit y of Co lorad o Springs , a Co lorado municipal corp oration and ho me rule city ("City") and the member Party or Parties as ind icated by sig nature h~reto. The Pa11ies Agree as follows : SECTION I -AU TH ORJTY : Tnis Agreemen1 is made under authorit y of Colorad o Consti tuti on , Anicle XX , Section 6; Colorad o Co nstitution Article XI V, Sect ion 18; Ser.tion 29-1 -203 Col orado Revi sed Statutes, Title rv of the federal Juvenile Ju stice and Delinquency Preve nti on Act of I 974 , as amended, and a Coo perative Agreement between the City an d the U.S. Departm ent of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. SECTI ON 2 -PURP OS E: The purpose of this Agreement is to provide a task force to combat internet crime s against ch ildr en . Task force members may be municipal, county, or federal agencies . SECTION 3 -AGREEMENT TERM : The term of this Agreement sh all comm en ce ,t 11 :59 pm on the : I" day of May 2008, and shall continue until terminated per the pro· ·:,ions of thi s Agreement. SECTIO N 4 -EXPENDiTURES: Expendit ur es and Fees of Each Pany Deemed Expendit ures of That Party : The panies to thi s Agreement agree that the purpose of this Agreement is to jointly acco mplish pursuant to C.R.S. Secti on 29-1-203 activities which coul d be performed separately by each Party . Accordingly , it is agreed and um,erstood for purposes of th e Colorado Constitutio n, Art icle X Section 20, and th e Colo rado Spring s City Chaner, that any foes co ntributed or paid , or otherwise prov id ed by any Patty to thi s Ag reement to another Party to th is Agreement arc and remai n an expendit ure of th e co:m ibuting , payi ng, or otherw ise prov id ing Pa ny, and are not revenu e or expenditures of th e receivin g Puny . SECT ION 5 -THE TAS K ~O RCE: 5. I. Th e Task Force: a). The Co lorado Internet Crimes Against Children Reg ional Task Force is hereby crea1ed. Each Pa11y to thi s Ag ree ment shall I:,e a membe r of the Task Force . Th Part ies agree that th e Ci ty shall be the lead agency through the Co lorado Springs Pol ice Depamnent (CS PD). • X H I B + A b). AdditifJnal federn l1 munic ipal 1 and county agencies may become Pa11ies lO this Agreemen t wit h the co nsent of th e CS PD chief. Ne w member s shall obtain approval of this • Ag reemen t by their govern ing body in accord with Section 29 -J -2 03 C.R .S . or, if federal , in accord with federal regulation . Upon approval, a signature sheet sha ll be attached and added to this Agree ment, sig nifying membersh ip , and the City shall noti fy all Panies of the new Party membersh ip. 5.2. T:,e mission of th e Task Force shall be to: a) Share intelligence gathered by the Parties relating to internet crimes committed against children; b) Make inter-jurisdictional arrests of suspects; c) co nduct training; d) provide public educat ion on internet safety and preventive measures; eJ cond uct joint open and und ercover investi gations pertaining to internet crimes against children. 5.3. >,1eetings: Meetings of the Task Force shall t sched uled by the City, which will prov 1uo a~,:q uate notice for time, date, and location . fa.:h Party wi !J send a .Designated R~prn sentative to attend meetings. Each Party sha!J ensu re that it is repre sented at least two meetings per y,:ar. The purpose of the meetings shall be to share information, coordinate in vestigations and facilitate accomplishing the Task Force's mission. each Party shall co operate 11vith the City to provide informati on needed for City reports to the U.S. Department ~~ . 5.4. Operat ions -The Parties may share investigative information on a daily basis in accord with Co lorad o Law . Peace o ricers from the Parties may engage in corporative investigations, both open and undercover, involving each other's jurisdicti ons, with the consent of the ch ief peace officers of jurisdictions inv olved . However, when physically operating in a jurisdiction other than th e officer's own j urisdiction, an officer shall be accompan ied by an officer of the jurisdiction in which the investigative activities are occurring. For purposes of this Agreement, "accompanied" in the phys ical presence of for purposes of open inves ti gations , and shall mean an office r within sup po1ting distance of the investigating officer and actively participating in th e investigation activity for undercover operations. In the event that a raid or arrest is carried out by Task Force officers, the lead officer and arresting officer shall be an officer of the jurisdiction in whi ch the ra id or arrest takes place ; the officers of other jurisd ictions may assist. 5.5 . Funding: Federal funding is not required for paiticipalion in this Agreement. However, th e City has received Office of Juve11i le .J ust ice and Delinq uency Prevention (O.TJDP) fund s from the federa l gove rnment. The Cit y ma y continue to apply for this funding. TI,e City may, at it s sole de terminat ion, make sub-grants of these federa l funds to variou s Ta sk Force members. In doin~ so , the City shall determine what eq uipm en t and cash payments will be provided 10 • memb er, and the use of that cash or eq ui pment. '. 'City shall provide the grants and or cash by an annua l letter. No fu,ther act ion or Ag,ee ,.,ent wi ll be required by the governing body of the City or the receiving pa1ty to effectuate the grant transfer The City shall retain ownership of th e equipment, with the bene[icial use be in g held • • • • b) the Party . In th e ev ent th e using party wit'1 draws fr~lm this Agreemem or ceases, in :he Cny's sole opini on, 10 actively panici~ate in the Agreement, then the equipment prov id ed under thi s prov ision or acquired with cas h provided under this provision shal l be rcr • .-ned to the City within th in y (30) days of wrinen demand by th e Cit)', unless the City otherw ise elect s to tra r.sfer ownership of the eq uipment to the using pany by wrinen notice . All len crs providing grants of equipment or cash, and all leners transferring owner ship of eq uipmen i to Patties , shall be attached to this Agree ment as sequentially num bered A tta chmcrts. 5.6. Eq uipment: Upon te rmination of this Agreement, all veh icles ao d other personal property eq uipment pr ocured by any Pnny pursuant to sub-grant funding by th e City pu rsuant to this Agreement sh all be and remain the property of the Cit)' unless the Ciry otherwise directs in writing . SECTION 6 · GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIO NS: 6.1. Assignment: A Party shall not assign or otherwise transfer this Agreement or any rig ht or obligation her~u nd er without the prior written consent of the City. 6.2. Law: This Agreement is subject to and shall be interprete" ·Jnder the law of the State of Colorado, and the Charter, Ciry Code , Ordinances, Rules and , .g ulati ons of the City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, a Colorado Home Rule City . Co urt ve :1 e and jurisd icti on shall exclusively be in the Colorado District Co urt for El Paso County, CG · ,rad o. 6.3. Appropriat:vn and Av ailabili ty of Funds: a). Appropriation anci availability of funds• The City In accord with th e Co lorado Constitut ion, Article X, Se ction 20, and th e City Charter, performance of the City 's obligations under this Agreement are express ly subje ct to appropriati.in of funds by the Co lorado Springs City Co un ci l. Furth er, in the event that funds are not appropriated in wh ole or in part suffic ient fo r performance of the City 's obligations under this Agreeme nt, or ap propri ated funds may no t be expended due to Cons titution al or City Charter spending limitati ons , then the City may te rm inate this Agreemen t without compensation to th e other Partie s. b). Appropriation and availar"'iry of funds -Co lorad o governmental er.ii ies : In accord wi th th e Colorado Constitut ion, Artic le X, Section 20. performance of each Party's obligations under tl1is Agreemen t are expr ess ly subject to appropriat ion of fund s by the Pany's gove rning bod). Further , in the eve nt that funds are not appropriated in whole ':>r in part sufficient for performa nce of th e Party 's obligations unoer this Agreement, or app roi,riated funds may not be expended due to Co nstitutional Article X spending limitations, then th e Pany may term inate its partic ipation in this Agreement without compensa ti on to the other Part ies. c). App rop ri at ion and availability of funds • federal agencies: The performance of a federal agency's obligati ons under this Agreement is expressly subject to appropriati on and availability of funds for that purpose . 6 4 Intellectual Prope:1y Pjghts. T~e Par.ies he:eby agree. and acknowledge, tha1 all prod ucts, ncms writ in gs, esigns, model~, c,:am ple , or ot her worl. prod uct produced pursuant • to tht s lntcrg ovcrnmcnto l Agreeme. 1 are an d shall be the proper1y of the City, and that the Ci y owns , has , and poosess cs any an d all ownership rights and interests to an y intellectu~l pro pe,1 y made or produced under or pursua m to this lnterg ovemmcntal Agreement , inc luciing any and all copyright, trademark, or ;,atent rights, and that compensat ion to a Parry for Ag reeme nt and acknowledgement of th is rNTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RJGHT sect ion of this Intergovernmenta l Agreement is inc luded in the Consideration rendered to the Parties by t he Cit y in agreein g to this ln tergovemme nt al Ag reement. It is the intent of the Partie s th at the City shall have fu ll owners hip and control of th e prod ucL1 prod11 r.ed pursua nt to this lntergovemmcntal Ag reem ent, and each Part y speci fi call y wai ves an d assi gns to th e City all rig hts whi ch the Parry may ha ve under th e I 99 0 Vis ual A 'sts Rights Act , fe deral , an d state Jaw, as now written or later am ended or p:ovid ed. In th e ev ent any pro ducts , item s writin gs, design s, models, examples, or othe r work prod uct produ ced purs uant to thi s Inter governmental Agreement is deem ed by a co un of co mpetent j uri sdi ctio n not to be trans fe rred to or owned by the Ci ty, this D'1 TELLECTUA L PR OPERTY RJGHTS provi sion sh all act as an irrevocabl e assignment to th e City by th e Panics of an y and all copyrights , u·ademark rights , Qr paten t rights in the products , item s wri tings , de si gn s, model s, example s, or other work product produced pursua.'11 to thi s Intergovernmental Agreement , including all rights in perpetuity. Und er this irrevocab le as signment , each Pan y hereby assign s to th e Ci ty the sole and exclus ive right, title , and intere st in and to th e products, items writings, de signs , models, examples , or other work product produced purs uant to this Intergov ernmental Agreemem, without further co nsideration , an d agr ees to ass ist the Ciiy in regi stering and fro m time to time enforcing all cop yrights and other right s an <l pro tecti ons relating to the products, • items writings, des ign s, models, example s, or oth er work produ ct in any and all co untries . It is each Parry's spec ific intent to assign all right, title , and interest whatso ever in any and all co pyright rights in th e pro ducts, item s wri tin gs, des ignr. mod els, ex amples, or other work pro du ct produce d pursuant to thi s Intergo vernm ent al Agr,·ement , in an y medi a and for any purp ose, includin g all ri ghts of renewa l an d exten sion, to th e City . To that end, each Party ag rees to exec ute and del iver all nece ss ar / doc um ent s requ ested by th e City in conn ecti on th er ewith. and here by grants to the City all right s to exec ute, register, and tile any such ap plicat ions, and to do all other lawfull y permi tt ed acts to ~·,rth er t},e registrati on, prosec uti on, iss uance, renewals, and ex tensions of copyrigr·'S or other protecti ons with the same le gal fo rce and effect as if exec uted by each Parry; fur ther, th e part ies e>:pressly agree th at the provis ions of this INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT f sect ion sha ll be bin din g upon the patt ies and their , succ essors, and ass igns. 6.5. T, rmination : The City ma y terminate thi s lntergov ernm ~nt al Agreement for co nvenie nce upon tl,irty day s prior wri ncn no tice tv the j'qrt ies, withou t compe nsati on to the Part ies. Any Party may termi nate its panicti,ation this Agree ment for co nvenie nce upon thirty days prio r wri ncn notice to the City and re-pay ment to the CH,' of all unexpended fu nd s prov ided to the Party unde r thi s Agreement. • • • • 6.ci . Loc al Sonr.e:-n: The ?an1!:S a1:ree a:id a:-i~nowlecige that the act1v1:ies contained in this Ag :eement are maners of loc~I concern only, and that the Part ies ha ve mutually joined ,ogctrer for tho ;:,er fo :ma~ce of th e maners of loc I concern, and th at o1 otl ing in this Agreeme nt shali or be :onstrued a!: :naking any of the local co ncern5 c:r,,e red herein matter s of mix ed concern or statewi de conce ~n. 6. i . Entire Agreement. This Agreeme nt, togeth er wi th all e>:hibi ts attached hereto, const itutes th entire Agreemen t between the panies hereto, and all other rep res entations or stateme nt s heretofo re made, verb al or wrinen , are merged herein , and thi s Agreement may be amende d on ly in writing, and exec uted by dul y authorized repr esen!ali ve s of the parties hereto. 6.8 . Nonwai ·•er of Rights : No waiv er of defau lt by the City of any of th e term s, co venants , and cond iti ons hereof to be perform ed, kept, and observed by any Pa.-iy shall be construed , or shall operate, as a wai ver of any subsequent defau lt of any of th e terms , covenants, or conditi ons herei n contained to be performed, kept, and observed by that Party. 6.9 . Force Majeure : In the event of either party being mndered unaLl e wholly , or in part, by force majeure to carry out its obligations under this Agreement, other than its obligations to make payments of money du e hereund er , then on su ch pany's giving no tice and full panicul ars of suc h force majeure in wri ti ng to th e other party as so on as possible after the occ urrer.ce of the cause relied on, then tho obl iga tion of the party giving such notice , so far as it is affected by such force majeure, shall be suspended dw'ing the continuance of any in ability so caused, but ~ r no longer peri od, and such cause shall, as far as possible, be remedie d with al! re aso nable dispatch. The term "force majeure" as emp loyed herein shsll rr.ean acts of God , ac!s of the pub iic enem ies , wars, bl ockades , insurrect ions, ri ots, epidemics , landslides , lightn ing, earth quakes, fires, storms, and fl oods . 6. 10. Headings : The he ad in gs of the seve:al art icles an sectio ns of this Agreement are in serted onl y as a matter of convenience and fo r referen c~ and do not define or li mit the scop e or intent of any pro vis ions of thi s Agreement and sh4il not be cons trued to affect in an y mann er the ter ms and prov is ions hereof or the interpretati on or cons tru::;on thereof. 6.11. Integrati on: Th is is a co mplet ely inte grated Agreement an d co ntain s the ent ire Agreeme nt between th e part ies. Any prior writte n or ora l Ag reem en t s or represe ntations re gard ing this Agreemen t shal l be of no effec t and shall not be bindin g on any Party or th e City. Further, each Party and th e Cit y ackn owledge and agree that thi s is a negotiated text Agree ment, and that as such no term shall Le co nstrued against th e City as the author thereo f. 6. l 2. No Thi rd Pa rt y Ben eficia ry : lt is express ly unde rstoo d and ag reed that enforcemen t of th e terms nnd co ndition s of thi s Agreement, and all rights of act ion relating to such enforcement, shall be strictly reserved to the Parties hereto, and ~oth ing conta ir.ed in this Agree ment shall give or allow any such claim or righ t of action by an y other or third person or ent it y on such Agreement. lt is the exp ress intention of the Part ie s hereto that any person or entity , othe r than the Part ies to th is Agreement , rece ivin g service! vr be nefits under this Agreement shall be deemed to be in ci de ntal benefic iarie s onl y . 6.13 . Wa iv er: The prov isio n of serv ice~ under thi s Agreement is for the benefit of the mem ~er Pa rties . Accord ingl y, Each Party doe s here by wai ve , rem ise , and release any cla im, r;g lll, or ca use of actio n it may have, or whi ch may accr ue in the future , again st the City ari sing in whole or in pan from this Agreement. 6.14. Compensat ion : Ex cept as otherwise sta ted in this Agreement, no Parry to this Agreem ent shall be req ui red lo pay any compen sa tion to another Parry or another Pany's pers onnel for any serv ices re nder ed hereunder. Nothing in thi s agreeme nt shall he construed lo place the personnel of any Paity under the control or employment of ano ther Party. Eac h Party remains responsible for all pay, entitlement , employment dec is ion s, an ,J worker's compensat ion liabilities, for its own personnel. Nothing in this agreement is intend ed lo create or grant to any third pa!Ty or person any right or claim for damage s or the right lo bring or maintain any action at law, nor does ar.y Pa r:y waive its immunities al law , including immunity granted unde r the Co lo rado Go vernmental Immunity Act. 6.15. This Agreement has been approved by the Parties in accord witli Section 29-1-2 03 C.R.S. by a Co lorado Springs City Counci l Resolution, and ap pro priate goveming body reso lution of each Patty as prov id ed unde r Section 29 -1-203 C.R.S ., or fed eral authorization, to be attached for refere nce hereto as Exhibits A, which resolu tions authorize tb• ,: -natures below . FOR THE CITY OF COLORADO SPRINGS: • • • • • • SJGNATURE PAGE 2o oy (Seal) FOR THE CITY OF BNGL~WOOD: By : ----=,:----:-:,---,,:---,---~--Jame s K. Woodward , Mayo r t his ___ day of _____ _ 2008 . Attest: Lo ucrishia A. Ellis , Ci ty Cl erk • • • COUNCIL COMMUNICATION Date : Agenda Item : Subj ecl: ·to ber 6, 2008 11 a vii Int ergo ve rn ment al Agr eem ent : Intern et Crim es Again st Chi ldren Regio na l Task Fo rce Initiated By: I Staff Source: Poli ce Departm ent Jo hn Coll ins, D eputy Chief o f Poli ce COUNCIL GOAL AND PREVIOUS COUNCIL ACTION On November 5, 2007, C ity Coun cil ad opted Counci l Bill No. 63, autho ri zin g an Intergovernmental Agree ment fo r th e Intern et Crimes Against Chi ldren Reg ional Task Force between th e City of Colo rado Springs, member parti es, and th e C ity of Engl ewood, Colo rado. This Intergovernme ntal Agreement exp ired o n May 3 1, 2008. The proposed lntergovernmenlal Agree menl would be effec Ive on May 31 , 20 08 and shall C'>ntinue until termina ted per the provisio ns o f the ag reemen t. RECOMMENDED ACTION The Po li ce Departm ent is ,, r o mmending th at City Co uncil ad o p t a bill fo r an ordinance authorizing and approvi ng an lnterg0, <J rn m ental Agreem ent between th e Po lice D epartment and th e Interne t Crimes A gai nst Chi ldren Reg io nal Task Force. BACKGROUND, ANALYSIS, AND ALTERNATIVES IDENTtrlED 7 he Englewood Po li ce D epartmen t has been asked by the Intern et Crim es Against Ch ildren Regiona l Task Fo rce to pa rti ciµate in a cooperative endeavor th at focuses on individua ls w ho attempt to sexuall y explo it children . Th e Poli c e Di visi o n will ben efit in th is endeavor as it enab les us to better id enti fy such individ-Ja ls. Th e tas k fo rce w ill :1r ovide speciali ze d train ing and access to techn ica l resources th at we o th erwise d o not have ava il ab lt to us. Th ere are forty-e ight sta te, muni cipa l, and fed era l ag enci s th at par ticipa te in th is task force . These agen cies in clud e, but are not limit ed to the Aurora, ()env er, Fo rt Collin s, Li ttl eto n, Co lo rad o Springs , and Glendale Po lice D epartments, th e Fed er.,i o .or eau o f Inves tiga tion, U .S. A tt o rn ey's Office, Ai r Forc e 0 .5.1., ICE, Postal Inspection Office, and th e A rapa hoe and Do uglas Co unty Sheriffs' Office s. Th e na ture o f th is tas k fo rce is se nsitive in na ture. Consequ en lly, ih e complel e d el ai ls of lhis ag reeme111 need l o rema in confiden ti al. FINANCIAL IMPACT Th e Intern et Crim es Agaii:s t Ch ildren Regional Task Force provid es tr ain ing and teclrn ical support and reso urces. Th erP is nc, es t to th e City o f Englew o o d . UST OF ATTACHMENTS Proposed Bill for an Ordinance Int erg overnmental Agreemen t • • •