HomeMy WebLinkAbout1993 Ordinance No. 003BY AlJ!l-!ORITY
~
ORDINANCE NO._?_
SERJES OF ~ 1993
COUNCIL Bill. NO. 52
INTRODUCED 'JY COUNCIL
MEMBER VAN DYKE
AN ORDINANCE AMENDlNC', !TIU: 5. CHAPTER 5, ENCLEWOOD MUMCIPAL
CODE OF 1985 TO ESTABI l SH S1RINCENT REQUIREMENI'S FOR n!E
OPERATION OF MASSACE , HER.\PY CLINICS AND n!E RJ::CULATION OF 11IE
PRC"ESSION IN ENCLEWOOD.
WHEREAS. •t ts necessary to regulate massage therapy; and
WHEREAS. It Is necessary to establish regulations to protect the citizens of
Englewood : and
WHEREAS. massage therapists are health care professionals who treat a wide
,-artety of patients, tncludlng Infants. pregnant women. the elder!> and hospice
pati~nts with soil tissue manipulation for the treatment of tnJury. sports-related
muscular dlscoat!ort and stress reduction. and requtre regulation: and
WHEREAS. Ult' i:c·"·ng c:ode t,OCS not provide for sufficient regulation of the
operation of m."1-...~•' t ·.er,,py clinics and treatment by massage therapists:
NOW. THEREFORE. BE IT ORDAINED BY n!E CnY COUNCIL OF 11IE CITY OF
ENCLEWOOD. COWRADO. AS FOLLOWS :
~-That TIUe 5 . Chapter 5 . of the Englewood Municipal Code 1985 ts
hereby amended to read as follows :
SECTION:
5-5-I :
5 .5 . 2 :
5 .5. 3:
5-5-4 :
5 -5-5 .
5-5-6 :
5 -5-7 :
5 -5 -8 :
5 .5 . 9 :
5-5-10:
:i4-I-I-;
~
5-5-~ 11 :
5-5--14 12:
5 -5--1-5 13:
5-5--l-6 14:
5 -5--1-7 1!5 :
5-5-!6:
CHAP'IER5
MASSAGE THERAPY CODE
Implementation of State Massage Parlor Code
Dcllnltions
Massage Therapy License Requtred
M'15Sll/le Therapy Employee Perrnll Rcqulrcu
Mas5aJJe Therapy License Application
Requ1' emcnts for Uccnse or Permit
Term and Renewal of Ucenses and Permits
Ucensc Fees
Suspension and Revocation of License and Permit
Display of License and Permit
~YoRbie•RseTax
i:mplo)'mont Rl!gulaUoR&
Illegal AcUvtUes on Prcmlses
Prohibited Acts or Conditions
Disease Control
Sanitary Requtrernents
lrspectlon
EXEMPTIONS
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5•5• 1: DIPLEMENTATION OF STATE MASSAGE THERAPY CODE:
A. The City Coun cil hereby declares that the U~nslng and regulation of
massage therapy within tis Jurtsdlcllon arc :u alters of local and
munlclpal concern In addlllon to being matters of statewide concern as
declared bY the Colorado General Assembly. It ls the Intention of the
City Council to adopt supplementary standards for massage therapy
within IL• jurlsalcUon to those provided by the Colorado General
Asscmbl;. 'ihe City Council hereby determlncs that enactment of this
massage tnerapy ordinance Is I ttessary to protect th~ health. safet:v
and welfare of the people of tile City.
a The City hereby adopts the Colora,lo Massage Parlor Code. I In order o
fully Implement the Colorado Ma~.s.,ge Parlor Code within th ".'l •y . the
City eslab llshes addltlonal stand~rds for the licensing of massar,e
therapy cllnlcs and employees thereof.
5 •5·2: DEFINITIONS: As used In this Chaµ.c>. the following words a l'd tenru.
shall have the foll owing meaning>.
LICENSED PREMISES
LOCAL LICENSING
AUiliORI!Y
Tiic premises specllled ~ an approved api,Ucauon
for license unr!er this Chapter which Is owned or In
the possession of the Ucensec and within wi,lch
such Ucc=c Is authorized to canyon the pr.1ctlce
of tr.a."-sag• or rece.vc ,,:quests for the supplying of
nc .,-~gescrvtccs.
The City Council of the City of Englewood or such
des!gnee as It shall dete.nnlne bY resolution.
MASSAGE Any method of pressure on or fr!cUon against or
stroking. kneading, rubbing, tapping, pounding,
vibrating or stimulating of t.'le c."<lernal soft llssue
of the body with the hands or other parts of the
human body or with the aid of any mcchanlcal or
electr!cru apparatus or appUancr., with or without
such supplementary ~Ids as rubbing alcohol.
!!almenls. anUsepU•.-s, oUs . powder. crearrs. loUons.
ointments or other 5imllar preparaUons used In
this pracUce.
MASSAGE TiiERAPY
CJ»-1C Any establishment where any person. Orm ,
assoct~tlon or corporaUon engages In, cames on or
permits to be engaged In or earned on any of the
activities under the definition of "massage • In this
Section.
MASSAGE 11-fERAPY CLINIC
EMPLOYEE LICE NSE A grant lo an employee to work for a massage
therapy cllnl~.
1§§ 12-48.S•l01 Cl seq . C.R.S. 1973 .
-2 ·
-
MASSAGE TI-iERAPY
Cill\1CUCl::NSE A grant to a licensee to operate a massage therapy
clinic.
PF:E~USES A dlstU,ct and definite local.Ion which may Include
a bulldlng . a pan of a building. a room or any other
definlte area co nuguous thereto.
OFF ·PRE:'v!ISES MASSAGE TI-iERAPY PERFORMED IN TI!E
RESIDENCE OR BUSINESS PREM ISES or TI-IE
PA11Ei'IT.
5•5-3 :
A.
B.
5-5-4 :
A.
B.
MASSAGE THERAPY LICENSE REQUIRED:
·a massage th erapy cllnic shall do busL"1ess Witho ut having Orsi
o' Jtalned a lice nse under this Cha pier and complying wllh all applicable
lav;-s and ordinances .
An applicant fo r a massage therapy clJnic llcense shall submit an
a ppllcallon upon the fonns provided by the licensing authority In
compllance with Section 5·5 ·5.
MASSAGE THERAPY EMPLOYEE PERMIT REQUIRED :
Any person. Including a lice= who engages In the provtdlng 9'
massage services 10 the public l OR PAY. shall rue an a ppllcaUo n for a
massage therapy employee penrur With the Licensing OIDcer of the City
u pon the forms provided by the lil:enstng authority. AND SHALL BE
LIC ENSED BEFORE PROVIDING MASSAGE SERVICES .
The appllcat'.on for a massage therapy employee permit shall conlaln
subslanllally t!le same lnformauon as the appllcauon fo r massage
therapy cllnJc license , except for the names and a ddress of the owners
of the real estate a nd any leases or contracts concemlng the real estate.
f -5·5: MASSAGE THEk.'l'Y LICENSE APPU CATION: An app lJcant for a
massage therapy clL,lc license. lncludlng any panner or llm!ted partner
01 the pannershlp applicant, and any olllcer or director of the corporate
applicant. or any s tockholder ho lding more than ten percent (10%) of the stock
of a corporate appllcant . or any other person who ls Interested di rectly In Lite
ownership or op eJT.!lfJ" u~ the business or who provides a massage. shall fumJsh
the following lnformauou :mder oath:
A. Name and address. lnclud,ng all aliases.
B. Wrlllen proof saUsfactory ID the licensing authority that th e lndlvt:lual Is
at least 1'¥0Aly GAO,~ I) EIGHTEEN 118) years of age .
C. Name and address of spouse, If any. and such funher Information about
said spo use as may be requ ired by Lhe licensing a uthority:
D. All r,:slde nlial addresses for the past lhrcc 13) ye.irs .
E.
r .
The business, occupallon or employment of the applicant for three (31
years Immediately preceding the dale of the applicauon .
TI1e applicant 's height. we ight. colo r of eyes a nd hair.
G. The massage therapy cllnlc or similar business Uccnsc history of the
appUcant: whether such persor... tn p reviously operating In this or any
other city or state under Ucense. has ha d such license revoked or
s uspended. the reason therefor, and the business acUvtty or occupation
s ubject to such action of suspension or revocation.
H. All crlnllnal or Ci ty ordinance violation convictions, forfelturi of bond and
pleadings of nolo contendere on al' ch arges. exec t minor traffic
vJo latlons .
I. Ftngerprtnts and photograph of ll ,c ap pllc ar.l.
J . TIH! t,.i;aGt nature n, n,-: mru:'!.,·-.,.1c thera py to be condu cted aad-the
pF<1pG60Q plaoo GfDY••s...:<'--'\' l-'aeill~.
K The names and address,,s " ,1 U p--rsons holding a ny beneficial Interest In
the real estate upon which s uch massage par lor therapy iS to be operated,
Including but not UmJlecl to, conU'!lcl purchasers or sell ers. bcncfu:lanes
of land trust or lessees subletting lo applicant.
L. II the premises arc leased or b eing purchased under contract. a copy of
such lease or contract s hall accompany the appllcaUon. IF OFF•
PREMISES TiiERAPY IS TO BE PROVIDED , TiiEN TiiE APPLICANT SHALL
PROVIDE SATISFACTORY PROOF OF RESIDENCE IN TiiE STAIB OF
COLORADO .
M. A statement b y the applicant h at he or she has read and Is familiar with
the provisions of this Cha pter and Is In compliance with them.
N. Such other and further tnformatlon as determined necessary to carry out
th e provisions of this Chapter.
5-5-6 : REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSE OR PERMIT: Every applicant for
massage parlor therapy Ucense or massage parlor therapy employee
permit s hall m eet the fo llowing the following requirements:
A. Applicant must have attained the age of~ E!Gt!IBEN
(181 years.
B. Applicant must be of good mordl character and record.
C. Applicant must n ot h ave been convicted or any felo ny or misdemeanor
Invo lving moral turpitude (other than minor traffic violations) within
the p ast Jlve (5) ye ars unless a pplicant ts In fact a person of good moral
ch aracter at the time of the application.
D. Applicant must n ot h ave h ad a license which regulates alcoholic liquor
or massage establishment revoked or suspended by a gove mlng
authority within th e past five (5) years.
E . Applicant sha ll have graduated from a n accredited school of massage
olfertn~ " course of at lea, l ~R<l-+l,OOOl-fOUR HUNDRED
1400) c," ,: hours, plus a n additi onal 6"'-ONE hundred l600I-(100)
clinical rs In a :nassage therapy clinic or similar establishment.
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F.
5 -5-7 :
A.
a
C.
5 -5-8:
A.
B.
G,
5-5-9:
A.
The operation, as pmposcd by the applicant, If permitted, complies wtth
a ll ,,ppUcable laws.
n:R.MS AND RENEWAL OP' LICENSES AND PERMITS:
2-• cry massage therapy cllnlc license and every massage therapy
emii to:,r.e pcrmll shall terminate at expiration of one year from the date
or lls ssuance unless sooner revoked.
Every massage therapy cllnlc licensee and every massage therapy
employee pcrmlltcc shall make application for renewal of thelr license or
p ermit, as the c ase may be, a t least forty five (45) days before cxplraUon.
!;i a ny case In which the licensee or pcrmlllee has made a timely and
s uffi cient appUcaUon for renewal , the cxtsllng licen se shall not cxplre
u nlll such application has been acted upon by the Ucenslng authority.
A;,p roprla te heanng may be called by the City Counc il lo enforce and
implement the provision,; of thJs code.
LICENSE FEES: The foll owtng fees shall be paid to the Ci ty:
APPLI CATION FEES:
lnlllal application fee for massage
therapy license $lOO,OO 50.00
lnlllal a pplication fee fo r massage
thera py emplaytt pc mil $.IOO.OO 50.00
ANNUAL LICE NS 'G FEES :
Annual fee for massage therapy license
and one emplaycc -l-50,00. 20.00
Annual fee for massage
therapist pcnnlt 50,QQ... 20.00
II 0Rd ReqY IAd IIQlh lhe appliEall0R lh• appllGaal &hall po&t a pug
t1,011&md Q>•e h wR<lnd dollaR; 1$~.500 001 oa&h l>oAd +he oa&h -ooAd
shall be held ror oAe year. aad If all P""'~&loA& or lhe Massage +herapy
Code an oompll ed 11/lth , theA the eash boAd "hail be retYmed If >IOI
GompUed 10~1h . a& dotermiAed by the U€1A&lllg awlhorlty. the IIGeA&e
,;:;~~~all-be
AlH,rAOG-\11!11.-lm-6'--;ael-a--na,;oelalll ..... -R<ll-~--~>-ra'l&-jl,aJ<I
for-pa~
SUSPENSION AND REVOCATION OF LICENSE AND PERMIT:
Any license or pcnnll Js.,ucd for a massage therapy cllnlc or massage
therapy employtt may be revoked or suspended by the licensing
authority upon a finding that the licensee or permlttee h as vtolalcd any
one of the follo"'ing:
I. Th al the massage therapy cµn1c or a massage therapy employee has
operated In a manner such as t,;, constitute a nuisance. Authority
Is i;tvcn to the Uccnstng a uthority to determine the question or what
actlvt ty constitutes a nuisance In the operallon of a m a ssage
the rapy clinic.
.5 .
2 . An o!Tense consisting of a fe lony or misdemeanor Involving moral
turpitude has been com.-nlllcd by the massage therapy cllnlc
Ucenscc or massage th eraplsl while the employee ls within the scope
of his OR HER employment.
3. That a massage therapy llcensee or m~,-; i;e t herapy employee has
knowingly fumlshcd false or mtsleadln lnfonnaUon or withheld
relevant lnformauon on any appllcaUon fo r any license or permit
required by this Chapt er or knuWingly caused or s u!Tered another lo
furnish or withhold s uch lnformaUon on his or her behalf.
4 . That a massage therapy licensee or massage therapy employee has.
either knmvtngly or without the c.'CCrClsc of due care to prevent th e
same . Violated or has permJtted the vlolaUo n of any terms of this
Chapter or Stale law concern' 1g massage therapy.
B. A massage th era py clinic lic ensee shall be responsible for the acts of
employees. agents and servants wh ile In the scope of their employment.
C. I. Suspension . Licensing authority . before rev oki ng or suspending
any license. shall gtve massage thera py cl !n.lc licensee or massage
therapy employee at least seven (7) day& .,Jltt en nouce of the
charge s against h im or her and the opp ommJty for a public hearing
before the licensing a uthority . a t which Um• the licensee or
pennlttcc may present evidence bearing u p,in the quesUon.
2 . Temporary • Summary Suspension.
a. Where the licensing authority has reasonable grounds to believe
and finds that a licensee has been guUty of a deliberate and
willful V!olaUon of any applicab:e law . ordinance. or regulation
or that the public health. safety or welfare tmperaUvely requires
emergency acuon and Incorporates such findings In Its order, It
IIla!' temporarily or summartly suspend the license pending
proceedings for suspension or revocaUon which shall be
promptly lnsUlutcd and dct ·11lllncd.
b. The temporary su speru.,or. of a license with out nouce pend.Ltig
any prosecuUol' r published hearing ·\ o i' be for a period not to
C.'CCecd fifte en (I oJ days.
5-5-IO: DISPLAY OF LICENSE OR PERMIT:
A. Every licensee shall display a valid license In a conspicuous place
within the massage therapy esta blishment so tha t the same may be
readily seen by persons entering the premises. IN THE EVEl'il' OF OFF•
PREMISES THERAPY, THE MASSAGE THERAPIST SHALL H/\.VE
AVAIIJ\BLE FOR INSPECTION AT All. TIMES HIS OR HER CITY
LICE N;:,S .
B. All person required under this Cha pter to obtain a massage therapy
license must display on reGuest. during the hours of operaUon of said
business. an ldentl/lcatlon card proV!ded by I.he City containing the
legal name and da te of birth of the en ,ploycc and address of the
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employee along with other Information s ufficient to Identify the
employ,,e.
~ ~
A. =~-WU~,mll6 II shall Ile Iha R!6flQR6lbUl1y of the II GI R&OI
9f..a-mam~p)'-l&labll&hR18A~ploy&r llf ""-Y fllR!0R&
flYFflGFUllg to eAgage IR tho P""idlAg of ma&&age ear~..,. lo Iha publlQ
IR-oonRoetlon mllh a ma66ago therapi• 1S labl1&bm111l le oR&wre lhal all
~crapl&IE '"'OrlrJng In lho Hl"billihmont •ball 0rlit baue
Gbta lAod a uaUd massage therapy employeo permit pw'6want lo It.I&
GIia~
8. ~s. OU-.nd@'6 No pe'6eR &hall Ile emplei·•d as a massag,,
~ l"•s•n shall ha>•• a'.talRed tho age of tmenly one
~u....ot-1,a••o DI OR fouA<l-s'-'1~
anr other state er muAl olpallly of any olhnM IR"'•~•qg pmslllwUon.
sollolUAg , pmourtqg. pandorlqg , pornggraphy. moR!tAoleus dl&!)lay,
a&SlgRal-""'-~R. lemd asls, 1Rdeo11U aot s or ani•
oi,!,or olH!nso lnv<.Mng-moral-i.,.,,~ ·• 151 yean; nl!l<I prlor to
&Ye h -plgy,;,ent
C. ~llml4-Nam•s ofi:m~I~ •nypl'6GA
GJ!0ratlng or managing a ma66all• lherapy oUAle shall submit tho names
of au po'6oR& omplored or to Ile employed lly said ostallll&llment to lhe
Oll~lor of Safe~-Ser ~•· If It I& d•t-ed ~· u., Ciroetor of Safely
Se-.. th at any efsald empl~N• do not meet tho raqwlremenl&-sol
forth--11>-,hl< Chaptor thon said cstabll&brnont shall lm me<lla to ly, wpon
~ lly lh• Dlfeoto r of Safety Serioos, termlRale t he
@mflklllmom llf salll person or pe rson,; ~·o massage lhOR py ollnlo shall
ompl~ any pen;on IO admlnl&ter a massage wnlo66 &a . .'. '1'60A has On;t
olltalRed a p~rmll pYrsYanl to Seetlon 5 5 4
5 .5 . -1-2 11: ILLEGAL ACTMTIES ON PREMISES: No licensee or any officer,
associate. member, n,prescntaUve , agent or employee of such
licensee shall er.gage tn any actMty or con duct or pcnnlt anJ other person to
engage tn any actMty or conduct In or about the licensed premJscs which Is
prohibited by ordtnance or the City or any other city or law or the State or
Colorado or the United States.
5 .5 . -1-:J 12: PROHIBITED ACTS OR CONDITIONS :
A. No Instrument or dC\·lce design ed or u sed for direct a ppllcaUon to the
skln s hall be applied dlreclly to th e skin unless san!Uzed; the part of
the body being tre a ted shall be covered With a clean towel. or else the
Instrument s hall be covered in a similar marJJer.
e. i"o sponge, suck. alum or other article lia ble to convey Infection . shall
b , u std to make a ppllcatlon direc tly to an abrasion or the skin or to
D ,) cul or wound.
C. No ll cen,.ee shall treat any s kin eruption or other disease unless SL ,
person, hall have furnished a written certificate from a physlrlan
directing s uch treatment a nd a statement to th e clfect that the eruption
or dlsea. ,els not or a co nt ag ious or Lransmtsslble character .
. 7 .
D. No licen see may operaie an X-ray. Ou oroscope or slmllar equlpmeul, or
a rad loacUve material. for any pu,: ,osc unless already llccnscd by the
St·•te of Colorado to Pl'l!CUce such a profession requlrtng the use of
rJdlaUon equipment. No massage therapy may contatn an X-ray,
Ouoroscope . ar slrnllar equipm ent unless thts ec;Ulpment ts operated
only by persons properly licensed 10 pracUce a profession requiring use
of such equipment.
E. No licensee shall admtnlster oxygen. No licensee shall engag~ In any
activity which falls within the realm of the practice of medicine or
nurstng care unless supervised by• licensed health care provider.
5.5. -l4 13: DISEASE CONTROL: No mo,.,age therapy operator s i,all employ
or permit any person lo work who Is Infected With any disease In a
commu nicable fonn or who has open leslOns or SOl'I.S.
5-5-+5 14: SANITAJtT REQUIREMENTS: II shall be unlawful for any
massage therapy clinic or employee to fail to meet ttie following
sanitary health standards:
A All surfaces of Doors. walls. ceUtngs a nd equipment must be ""100lll
aAd palAle<I or aoAStrueted with t"rfaee COMPOSED OF materials
that I&-ARE easlly cleaned.
B. AJI equipment which may come In cqntact with any patron shall be
covered with a fresh . sanJlary disposal liner or cover, or with a cloth
s heet or cover which has not been previously u sed for a dl!Terent p atron
since laundcr1ng.
C. All towels. rnbes, bandages. pads or other articles which come Into
contact with any pan of a patron'o body m~st be laundered, cleaned
and steriltzed after each use and before being used again Cur a dllTerent
patron.
D. All used llncn shall be slored ln an approprtate container after use
thereof.
E. All employees and persons rendertng any m:issage shall wear clean
clothing .
F. IN 1liE CASE Of Off-PREMISES 1l!ER'\PY, THE LICE NSEE SHAU
MAKE AN EFFORTTO COMPLYWITH SUBSECTION 5-5 -15-A. IN ANY
EVEITT, CO!'.il'UANCE wm! SUBSECTIONS 5-5-15(6) 1liROUGH (El IS
REQUIRED .
5-5--l-6 15: INS . 'ECTION: The City shall, from time le• time make an
Inspection of each massage therapy establli·hment or clinic
granted a license under the provisions of this Chapter for u'le p urposes of
detr.rmlnlng that the provisions of this Chapter are complied with. It shall be
unlawful for any llccnsae 10 fall to allow such lnspeLllon officer acce,s to the
premises or to h inder such officer In any manner.
5.5. +7 16: EXEIIPTIONS: Tots Chapter shall not apply to the followtng
operauons.
A. Physicians. s urgeo ns. doc tors . medical clinics or persons licensed by the
laws of the State to practice m edicine . s urgery , osteopathy, chlropracUc
-8·
B.
C.
D.
F.
a nd chiropody . Lhelr offices and cllnlcs. and all person, working In their
offices and cllnlcs under their supervision and dlrecllon:
Hospitals and all persons employed by lnslltuUons and establishments
licensed by Lhe State a s hos pllals while performing thcl r usual dulles
wllhln Lhe hospital or lnslltullon so li ce nsed;
Registered or licensed nurc..t.-s performing services In their usual dulles
within the hospita l or lnslltullon so licensed:
Beauticians and b arbers duly licensed under the laws of the Sta le
Insofar as t h eir u •;u a l a nd ordinary vocation a nd profes s ion . as dellned
by the laws of th e Sta te . arc concerned :
Massage p racticed or lrki tructed In the a thletic department of any Sta le
accredited school. colleg, .. university or seminary:
Any hon& Od e athletic club whJch Is not engaged In the pracllce of
rendering massages to m embers of the general public for remuneraUon.
For the p u rposes of this Cha pter. If any athlellc club does not receive
more than ten percent ( 1Cl%l oflLS gross Income from the practice of
rendering massages to ILS members. such shall be prlrna facte evidence
that the c l ub Is a bona Od e alhlc UC club.
5 -5 -17: TiiE CITY HEREBY INCORPORATES TI11.E 12, ARTICLE 48.5 OF
TiiE COLORADO REVISED STATIITES. TiiE STANDARDS FOR
M,4SSAGE 1liERAPY UC ENSING SET FOR'lli IN 1lilS CHAPTER ARE INTENDED
1\J BE MORE SIBINCENTTiiAN 1liE MINlMUM STANDARDS SET FORTii IN
lTILE 12, ARTICLE 48.5 OF 1liE COLORADO REVISED STAnrrES. TiiE
PROVISIONS OF 1lilS CHAPTER SHAU. TiiEREFORE SUPERSEDE ANY
CONFUCTINC STATIITORY PROVISIO NS IN 'ITl1.E 12 , ARllCU: 48.5.
lntro<!;.,ced . n•a d In full . and passec! on first readlng on the 21st day of December,
1992.
Published as a Bill for an Ordinance on the 24th day of December, 1992.
Read by ti tle and passed on Ona! rca dlng on the 4th day of Janua ry, 1993.
Publlsht.d by Litle as Ordina nce No~, Sertes of 1993, on the 7 th day of January,
1993.
Cly E. Wlgglns, ~r
{J;;;l;v l,f.L .a u<£C r
Palr!cla H. Crow. City Clerk
I. Patricia H. Crow. City C lerk of the C ity of Englewood. Colora do , h ereby certify that
the above a nd.fo regoing Is a true COJ>X of th e Ordinance passed on On a! readJ ng and
published by title as Ordinance No .-· Sertes of 1993. /'"? , _ . ~ //
~luaa 1 ~-Ll.Nu
Patricia H. Crow
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